Freeze protection for natural pipeline systems and measurement instrumentation https://asgmt.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf-docs/2011/1/T06.pdf
Freezing can occur not only when water in the gas stream mixes with temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, but also with the presence of hydrates well above the freezing mark.
Hydrates form when water vapor combines with hydrocarbons to produce a compound that will condense and freeze at temperatures above the freezing point of water.
Areas where there will be a drop in pressure or restriction in flow are likely spots for freezing. Temperatures drop about 7°F for every 100 psi pressure reduction, so even if the flow stream of gas is at a temperature above freezing, that temperature could drop below freezing with a reduction in pressure.
Freeze protection for natural pipeline systems and measurement instrumentation https://asgmt.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf-docs/2011/1/T06.pdf
Freezing can occur not only when water in the gas stream mixes with temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, but also with the presence of hydrates well above the freezing mark.
Hydrates form when water vapor combines with hydrocarbons to produce a compound that will condense and freeze at temperatures above the freezing point of water.
Areas where there will be a drop in pressure or restriction in flow are likely spots for freezing. Temperatures drop about 7°F for every 100 psi pressure reduction, so even if the flow stream of gas is at a temperature above freezing, that temperature could drop below freezing with a reduction in pressure.